The Gentle Warrior: Rose Pesotta, Anarchist and Labor Organizer by Elaine Leeder., 1985- 1985
Collection Number: 6036/027
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives
Cornell University Library
DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY
Title:
The Gentle Warrior: Rose Pesotta Anarchist and Labor Organizer by Elaine Leeder., 1985- 1985
Repository:
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives
Collection Number:
6036/027
Abstract:
The collection consists of Elaine Leeder's Ph.D. dissertation for Cornell University,
1985, about anarchist, labor organizer, and ILGWU member Rose Pesotta.
Creator:
Leeder, Elaine
Quanitities:
0.33 cubic feet
Language:
Collection material in English
Founded in 1900 by local union delegates representing about 2,000 members in cities
in the northeastern United States, the ILGWU grew in geographical scope, membership
size, political influence to become one of the most powerful forces in American organized
labor by mid-century. Representing workers in the women's garment industry, the ILGWU
worked to improve working and living conditions of its members through collective
bargaining agreements, training programs, health care facilities, cooperative housing,
educational opportunities, and other efforts. In 1995, the ILGWU merged with the Amalgamated
Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU) to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial
and Textile Employees (UNITE).
Born Rachelle Peisoty on November 20, 1896, Rose Pesotta was the second oldest of
ten children. Pesotta grew up in the Ukraine where her parents owned and operated
a small shop, and the family lived comfortably in a Jewish orthodox household. Education
was important, and Pesotta was proficient in four languages. From 1909 to 1912, she
attended Rosalia Davidoff's private girls' school. While her father was a member of
the Bund and self-proclaimed political activist, he forbade any revolutionary and
radical discussions in the home out of fear of persecution, yet older sister Esther
introduced Pesotta to radical political ideas. After being betrothed without her knowledge
to a neighborhood boy, Pesotta decided she wanted to immigrate to the United States
to join Esther and her husband. At the age of seventeen and after many struggles with
her family, she was finally allowed to leave and Pesotta and her grandmother arrived
in New York.
Pesotta stayed with Esther who was working in the needle trades. She soon joined
her sister as a seamstress making shirtwaists, while teaching herself English. The
conditions in the factories prompted Pesotta to join the Waistmakers Local 25 of the
ILGWU in 1914. Pesotta was active early in the union, picketing, attending the union's
education classes, and taking trips to Unity House. In 1917 with employment scarce
in the garment industry, Pesotta briefly trained to become a nurse. She resumed her
work in a garment factory and became fully invested in the Russian Revolution. In
1920, she became a member of the executive board of Local 22 and was a dynamic spokesperson
in her shop. Pesotta attended the Bryn Mawr Institute for women workers during the
summer of 1922 and subsequently attended other labor colleges including the Brookwood
Labor College and the Wisconsin Summer School, gaining writing, speaking, and negotiating
skills.
In 1920, her father was killed during an anti-Semitic raid in his village and during
this period she also suffered the loss of her fianc, Theodore Kushnarev, when he was
deported. Throughout the difficulties, Pesotta continued with her work for the ILGWU
and began her career of anarchist writing and organizing. While in Boston for a union
meeting in 1922, Pesotta became involved in the Sacco and Vanzetti case. Nicola Sacco
and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants active in the anarchist movement who
were arrested and convicted of murder during an armed robbery in 1920. Pesotta met
both Sacco and Vanzetti while they were in jail and continued to correspond and visit
them until the end. She was sympathetic to their plight and volunteered at the defense
offices and attended court proceedings.
By September 1933, Pesotta was now a paid staff member of the union and was sent
to Los Angeles to organize dressmakers. Her exceptional work on the west coast and
the advancements made through her organizing efforts led to her election of vice president
of the ILGWU in 1934. She traveled to cities across the country to help with organizing
efforts and strikes, and Pesotta became involved with the UAW during the Flint Sit-Down
Strike in 1937. In 1942 after some disagreements and opposition with a difficult to
organize shop in Los Angeles, and tensions with the board and David Dubinsky, Pesotta
resigned and resumed sewing in a New York dress shop. At the 25th convention in 1944,
Pesotta resigned as vice president on the executive board of the ILGWU.
It was when Pesotta returned to work as a sewing machine operator that she began
to write her autobiography, "Bread Upon the Waters," published in 1945. Though not
endorsed by the ILGWU, the book was successful and had multiple printings and was
translated into different languages. Her new found fame led to new opportunities,
including a job with the Anti-Defamation League. In 1946, Pesotta participated at
a summer school for the Workers Education Association in Norway at the invitation
of the secretary of the Norwegian Labor Party. During the trip, she also traveled
to Sweden and Poland and was deeply affected by the conditions of post- war Poland.
She soon resigned from the ADL and in January 1949, began a position with the American
Trade Union Council for the Histadrut as Midwest regional director. In between the
various jobs or travels, Pesotta always returned to working in the garment industry.
During her time in the factories, she continued to write manuscripts, including the
1957 self-published "Days of Our Lives" about her childhood in Russia. Pesotta died
on December 4, 1965.
"The Gentle Warrior: Rose Pesotta, Anarchist and Labor Organizer" is a dissertation
presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University by Elaine Leeder
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy
in June 1985. Leeder later published the book now titled "The Gentle General: Rose
Pesotta, Anarchist and Labor Organizer" in 1993.
The dissertation discusses the conditions in the small Jewish villages, shtetls,
of Russia in the late 19th century and provides background information on Pesotta's
childhood, and the early events and education that began her rebellion and radical
thinking that led to her eventual departure to the United States. Jewish life for
new immigrants in New York City is examined in relation to Pesotta, as well as an
overview of the hierarchy of the workers in the garment industry and the sexual discrimination
in the shops where she now found herself employed. Pesotta continued her quest for
education, became active in the shops, and asserted her interest in radicalism and
anarchism. The author provides a detailed discussion of anarchist ideology and an
extensive history of the anarchist movement in the United States in Chapter Two.
Pesotta became involved with the Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti case and Chapter
Three details her involvement with the case and the individuals she met on the defense
committee including Albert Martin (born Frank Lopez) whom she would later briefly
marry. Pesotta not only volunteered at the defense offices, but also visited Sacco
and Vanzetti in jail, attended court proceedings, and corresponded often, and the
case and outcome had a profound effect on her. The dissertation examines the shifting
focus in labor to organizing large numbers of women during the Depression, contradictory
to continued workplace discrimination and segregation and the absence of women from
leadership roles in unions. Pesotta continued her union activities, including, striking,
picketing, and establishing educational and recreational programs while making significant
advancements in organizing dress shops on the west coast. Recounted are her achievements
and feelings towards her election to office within the union, working with David Dubinsky,
the organizing missions that required travel from city to city and her work with other
unions and industries. Also detailed are the complications that arose and the opposition
with Dubinsky and the executive board that ultimately led to Pesotta's resignation.
In the chapter devoted to Pesotta's political work, related is her involvement with
the "Road to Freedom" (monthly anarchist journal), the International Anarchist Group
that met in New York City, and her friendship and work with Emma Goldman, who became
her mentor and inspirational leader. Pesotta became engaged in many political causes,
anarchist work, and civic organizations, and her philosophy and ideology regarding
anarchism and her beliefs are outlined. The remainder of the biography discusses Pesotta's
family, friends and various relationships, as well as the trajectory of her later
career, her travels, and success as an author.
Additional material on Rose Pesotta including primary documents and personal collections
includes the Rose Pesotta Papers at the New York Public Library, the John Nicholas
Beffel Collection at the Walter P. Reuther Library, which contains Pesotta's reports,
chapters and manuscript drafts in which she collaborated with Beffel, and the Rose
Pesotta Papers, 1919-1961 (5928) at the Kheel Center, Cornell University.
Access to the collections in the Kheel Center is restricted. Please contact a reference
archivist for access to these materials.
This collection must be used in keeping with the Kheel Center Information Sheet and
Procedures for Document Use.
INFORMATION FOR USERS
The Gentle Warrior: Rose Pesotta, Anarchist and Labor Organizer by Elaine Leeder.
#6036/027. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University
Library.
Related Collections: 5780: ILGWU records 5928: Pesotta, Rose. Papers. Elaine Leeder, Collector.
Names:
Pesotta, Rose, -- 1896-
Subjects:
Labor unions -- United States -- Officials and employees -- Biography.
Women anarchists -- United States -- Biography.
Labor movement -- United States -- History -- 20th century.
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union -- History.
CONTAINER LIST
Container
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Description
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Date
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Box 1 |
Box also contains 6036/024.
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Box 1 | Folder 1 |
"The Gentle Warrior: Rose Pesotta, Anarchist, and Labor Organizer"
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1985 |