Guide to the International Ladies Garment Workers Union Local 62 Correspondence,
1930-1976

Collection Number: 5780/022

Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library

Contact Information:
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives
Martin P. Catherwood Library
227 Ives Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853
(607) 255-3183
Fax: (607) 255-9641
kheel_center@cornell.edu
http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/library/kheel
Compiled by:
Robert E. Lazar
Date completed:
December, 1977
EAD encoding:
Casey S. Westerman, September 10, 2002

© 2000 Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library

DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY

Title:
International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Local 62 correspondence, 1930-1976, 1935-1965 (bulk).
Collection Number:
5780/022
Creator:
International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Local 62 (New York, N.Y.)
Quantity:
7.5 linear ft.
Forms of Material:
Correspondence, articles, photographs, reports.
Repository:
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library
Abstract:
The Local 62 correspondence consists primarily of letters of Samuel Shore and Louis Stulberg, the managers of the Local during much of the period. There are also articles, photographs, reports, and other materials in the collection.

ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY

Local 62, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), also known as the Underwear and White Goods Workers Union, was organized around 1910 in New York City. It represented those who worked in shops manufacturing women's lingerie.
COLLECTION DESCRIPTION

Individual correspondents represented in the collection include: David Dubinsky; Jacob Javits; Elias Lieberman; Eleanor Roosevelt; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Rose Schneiderman; Matthew Schoenwald; and Norman Thomas. Organizations include: the AFL-CIO; the American Labor Party; Histadrut; the Jewish Daily Forward; the Jewish Labor Committee; the Liberal Party of New York; the Negro Labor Committee; the National Recovery Administration; the Rand School of Social Research; and the Socialist Party.
These items primarily document the activities and concerns of the Local's leadership from the depression years through the 1960s. The bulk of the material deals with Local administrative matters, benefits, garment manufacturers, other ILGWU departments and locals, political activity (at both the national and local level), relations with other unions, union organizing, wages, and working conditions in the shops. It is mostly restricted to New York City. In addition, there is some personal correspondence of both Shore and Stulberg.
SUBJECTS

Names:
International Ladies Garment Workers Union.
Dubinsky, David, 1892-
Javits, Jacob K. (Jacob Koppel), 1904-1986.
Lieberman, Elias, b. 1888-
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945.
Schneiderman, Rose, 1882-
Schoenwald, Matthew.
Shore, Samuel.
Stulberg, Louis, 1901-1977.
Thomas, Norman, 1884-1968.
AFL-CIO.
American Labor Party.
Histadrut ha-kelalit shel ha-`ovdim be-Erets-Yi´sra'el.
Jewish Labor Committee (U.S.)
Liberal Party of New York State.
Negro Labor Committee.
Rand School of Social Science.
United States. National Recovery Administration.

Titles:
Forverts.

Subjects:
Labor unions--Officials and employees.
Lingerie industry--New York (State)--New York.
Lingerie industry--Employees--New York (State)--New York.
Labor union locals.
Wages--Underwear industry--New York (State)--New York.
Women's clothing industry--New York (State)--New York.
Work environment--New York (State)--New York.

Places:
New York (State)--Politics and government--20th century.
United States--Politics and government--20th century.

Form and Genre Terms:
Articles
Correspondence
Reports
Photographs

INFORMATION FOR USERS

Cite As:
Local 62 correspondence, #5780/022. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library.
SERIES LIST

I. Samuel Shore correspondence, 1930-1946. Boxes 1-7
II. Louis Stulberg correspondence, 1947-1956 Boxes 8-15
III. Gerol Rubien files. Box 15

Description
Container
I. Samuel Shore correspondence, 1930-1946.
A: 1944-53.
Box 1 Folder 1
Agreements with firms and conference with Negligee-Lingerie Association (1941): 1931-37.
Box 1 Folder 2
American Labor Party: 1936-44.
Box 1 Folder 3
B: 1943-53.
Box 1 Folder 4
C: 1935-49.
Box 1 Folder 5
Circulars: 1930's-40, 1953. Includes other locals.
Box 1 Folder 6
D: 1937-53.
Box 1 Folder 7
East River Housing Corp.: 1951-52. Includes minutes of meetings.
Box 1 Folder 8
Educational Department: 1936. Report on activities.
Box 1 Folder 9
Elections: 1937-47. Includes minutes of election and Objection: Committee, March 1937.
Box 1 Folder 10
Epstein, Melech, Book Fund: 1952-53.
Box 1 Folder 11
F: 1942-49.
Box 1 Folder 12
Freedom House: 1941-55.
Box 1 Folder 13
G: 1936-48.
Box 1 Folder 14
H: 1941-52.
Box 1 Folder 15
Histadrut-National Labor Committee for Palestine: 1946-53.
Box 1 Folder 16
I:1945-47.
Box 1 Folder 17
Impartial Chairman decisions: 1935-47, 1952. Includes decisions by George J. Mintzer.
Box 1 Folder 18-19
Infantile Paralysis Fund; 1945-53.
Box 1 Folder 20
International Ladies Garment Workers Union, General Office: 1935-55. Correspondence with David Dubinsky.
Box 2 Folder 1
ILGWU, Education Department: 1934-53.
Box 2 Folder 2
ILGWU, Health and Welfare Department: 1948-53.
Box 2 Folder 3
Javits, Jacob K.: 1947-52.
Box 2 Folder 4
Jewish Daily Forward: 1935-53. Includes Local greetings and articles.
Box 2 Folder 5
Jewish Labor Committee: 1944-53.
Box 2 Folder 6
Joint Boards and District Councils: 1952-56. Includes Correspondence with John S. Martin and E. T. Kehrer.
Box 2 Folder 7
Joint Boards and District Councils: 1936-51. Includes Los Angeles Cloak Joint Board
Box 2 Folder 8
K: 1937.
Box 2 Folder 9
L: 1935-53.
Box 2 Folder 10
L: 1935-53.
Box 2 Folder 10
Labor Day Ads: 1944-50. (see also Jewish Daily Forward)
Box 2 Folder 11
Labor Stage: 1935-37.
Box 2 Folder 12
Langer, Judith, Trust Fund: 1952.
Box 2 Folder 13
Liberal Party: 1944-55.
Box 3 Folder 1
Lieberman, Elias: 1940-55. Includes cases.
Box 3 Folder 2
Locals: 1936-52.
Box 3 Folder 3
M: 1935-52.
Box 3 Folder 4
Minutes, Organizing Committee: 1927.
Box 3 Folder 5
Minutes, Shop Chair ladies and Membership Meetings: 1935-48.
Box 3 Folder 6
N: 1932-52. Includes Negro Labor Committee.
Box 3 Folder 7
National Recovery Administration: Aug. 1934-July 1935. Correspondence, minutes of Code Authority for Undergarment and Negligee Industry.
Box 3 Folder 8
National Recovery Administration: Jan.-July 1934.
Box 3 Folder 9
Organization for Rehabilitation Through Training in Industry and Agriculture (ORT): 1936-46.
Box 3 Folder 10
Overseas Children: 1939, 1948. Correspondence bet. Stulberg and "adopted" European war orphans.
Box 3 Folder 11
Overseas Children: 1949.
Box 4 Folder 12-13
Overseas Children: 1950.
Box 4 Folder 3
Overseas Children: 1951-52. Includes Correspondence with Jewish Labor Committee
Box 4 Folder 4a-4b
P-Q: 1935-44.
Box 4 Folder 5
Politics: 1944. Reports on Local activities.
Box 4 Folder 6
Pope, Generoso: 1940-48.
Box 4 Folder 7
Puerto Rico: 1935.
Box 4 Folder 8
R: 1934-47.
Box 4 Folder 9
Rand School of Social Research: 1936-44.
Box 4 Folder 10
Reports, Advisory Board: 1935-36, 1961.
Box 4 Folder 11
Reports, Business Agents: 1935.
Box 4 Folder 12
Reports, Business Agents: May-Dec. 1936.
Box 5 Folder 1
Reports, Business Agents: Jan-April 1936, 1938.
Box 5 Folder 2
Reports, Business Agents: June-Nov. 1940.
Box 5 Folder 3
Reports, Business Agents: Jan-May 1940.
Box 5 Folder 4
Reports, Business Agents: June-Nov. 1941.
Box 5 Folder 5
Reports, Business Agents: Jan.-May 1941.
Box 5 Folder 6
Reports, Business Agents: 1943.
Box 6 Folder 1
Reports, Business Agents: 1945-46.
Box 6 Folder 2
Reports to Convention: 1950.
Box 6 Folder 3
Reports to General Executive Board: 1940-55.
Box 6 Folder 4
Reports, Misc.; c. 1941-42.
Box 6 Folder 5
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: 1934-43.
Box 6 Folder 6
S: 1939-45, 1952.
Box 6 Folder 7
Sanatoriums: 1935-55.
Box 6 Folder 8
Service Men (Armed Forces): 1943-45.
Box 6 Folder 9
Shop ChairLadies Luncheon: 1947. Includes Stulberg Speech.
Box 6 Folder 10
Shore, Samuel: 1930-49. Articles, speeches and notes.
Box 6 Folder 11
Shore, Samuel: 1944-46. Personal matters.
Box 7 Folder 1
Sick Benefits Fund: 1937-46. Includes constitutions, by-laws.
Box 7 Folder 2
Statements, Releases, Resolutions: 1934-52.
Box 7 Folder 3
Stulberg, Louis: c. 1948-52. Articles and speeches.
Box 7 Folder 4
Stulberg, Louis: 1947-55. Personal.
Box 7 Folder 5
T: 1934-39.
Box 7 Folder 6
Treasury Department: 1944-45.
Box 7 Folder 7
Trade Associations: 1934-51. Includes Correspondence, reports, minutes of Lingerie Manufacturers Association and Negligee Manufacturers Association
Box 7 Folder 8
U: 1941-44.
Box 7 Folder 9
Union Health Center: 1940-44.
Box 7 Folder 10
Unions: 1934-53.
Box 7 Folder 11
Unity House: 1949. Outing photographs.
Box 7 Folder 12
Universities: 1945-46. Correspondence with members' (Mabel Durham) schooling at Harvard University
Box 7 Folder 13
Vacation Fund: 1942-47. Rules and regulations, reports.
Box 7 Folder 14
W: 1941-55.
Box 7 Folder 15
War Labor Board: 1943-44.
Box 7 Folder 16
Yiddish Writers Union: 1944.
Box 7 Folder 17
Zukunft: 1943.
Box 7 Folder 18
II. Louis Stulberg correspondence, 1947-1956.
Advisory Board, Local 62: 1933-34. Includes joint meetings of the Educational Committee and the Advisory Board.
Box 8 Folder 1
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations: 1961. Correspondence with Maida Springer, Representative, International Affairs Department re ILGWU involvement in African garment workers' trainee program.
Box 8 Folder 2
Americans for Democratic Action: 1950.
Box 8 Folder 3
Association of Catholic Trade Unionists: 1957, 1961. Complaints from ILGWU workers to Association.
Box 8 Folder 4
Brassiere shops: c. 1933. List of settled shops. Includes approximate number of workers, names of shop chairladies and assistant chairladies.
Box 8 Folder 5
Brookwood Labor College: 1934.
Box 8 Folder 6
Business Agent Reports: 1954-55, 1958, 1962.
Box 8 Folder 7
Celebrations: 1947, 1951, 1956, 1961. Louis Stulberg birthdays and chairladies luncheon.
Box 8 Folder 8
Census of membership: 1957-63.
Box 8 Folder 9
Central Labor Council, AFL-CIO, New York City: 1961. Correspondence re workers' complaints.
Box 8 Folder 10
Davis, William: 1922. Report of meeting in the matter of the resignation and dismissal of William Davis, former manager of Local 62, November 2, 1922.
Box 8 Folder 11
The Day: 1954-57, c. 1958, 1959-60. Greetings.
Box 8 Folder 12
El Diario: 1959-60.
Box 8 Folder 13
Dues: 1933-34, 1941, 1956-58. Includes Correspondence re arrears, 1933-34; analysis of dues and incoming members, 1956-58.
Box 8 Folder 14
Educational Department: 1933-34, 1964. Correspondence and notices, questionnaires, program for winter 1933.
Box 8 Folder 15
Elections, Local 62: 1913-14, 1931, 1934, 1950, 1953. Includes sample ballots, lists of candidates, election tallies, reports of election-objection committee.
Box 8 Folder 16
Executive Board, Local 62: 1930, 1962, 1965, 1968.
Box 8 Folder 17
F: 1934, 1963.
Box 8 Folder 18
Financial reports: 1959-62.
Box 8 Folder 19
Fire Department, New York City: 1960. Correspondence re breakdown of fire warden program.
Box 8 Folder 20
Firms, A and G Mfg. Inc.: 1963.
Box 8 Folder 21
Firms, A and S Novelty Co.: 1957, 1960-61.
Box 8 Folder 22
Firms, Arrow Knitting Mills: 1957, 1961.
Box 8 Folder 23
Firms, Aurora Undergarment: 1960.
Box 8 Folder 24
Firms, Campus Girl Inc.: 1964.
Box 8 Folder 25
Firms, Cotton Art: 1963.
Box 8 Folder 26
Firms, Lucette Pajama Co., Inc.: 1959-60
Box 8 Folder 27
Firms, Madest Undergarment Co: c. 1934.
Box 8 Folder 28
Firms, Max C. Schrank Co.: c. 1934. Correspondence with Donald Pratt, City Editor, Women's Wear Daily.
Box 8 Folder 29
Firms, Misc.: 1934, 1958-60, 1962-63. Includes Management Engineering Department reports on Rhine Undergarment Co. and Tri J and S Co.
Box 8 Folder 30
Firms, Monarch Undergarment Co.: 1958.
Box 8 Folder 31
Firms, P. Gusson: 1954, 1957.
Box 8 Folder 32
Firms, Q.T. Knitwear: 1957-58, 1960. Includes report on meetings with El Diario staff re complaints received by newspaper from ILGWU members.
Box 9 Folder 1
Firms, Ruther Undergarment Co.: 1954.
Box 9 Folder 2
Firms, S. Haber and Son: 1956-57.
Box 9 Folder 3
Firms, Siren Silk Undergarment Co., Inc.: 1960-61.
Box 9 Folder 4
Firms; Skylon Corp.: 1957.
Box 9 Folder 5
Firms, Sonjay Mills, Inc.: 1958, 1960, 1963.
Box 9 Folder 6
Firms, South Jersey Underwear Co.: 1959
Box 9 Folder 7
Firms, Style Undies: 1957-58.
Box 9 Folder 8
Firms: Sure-Fit Mfg. Co.: 1959.
Box 9 Folder 9
Firms, Trebor Knitting Mills, Inc.: 196
Box 9 Folder 10
Firms, Well Made Strap and Novelty Co.: 1954.
Box 9 Folder 11
Firms, Yolande Corp.: 1957, 1959-63.
Box 9 Folder 12
Firms, Youthform: 1954. Correspondence re work sent to non-union contractor (Newport Mfg. Co.).
Box 9 Folder 13
Four Freedoms Hotel: 1961.
Box 9 Folder 14
Freedom House, Inc.: 1961.
Box 9 Folder 15
Freie Arbeiter Stimme: 1934. Letters re Emma Goldman reception meeting.
Box 9 Folder 16
General Executive Board, reports to: 1954-55. Louis Stulberg reports on Local 62 and on underwear and negligee industry.
Box 9 Folder 17
Health, Welfare and Vacation Fund: 1948, 1958-62. Includes By-Laws, Rules and Regulations of the Undergarment and Negligee Workers Union, Local 62, and minutes, Health and Welfare Benefits Committee meetings, 195
Box 9 Folder 18
High School of Fashion Industries: 1957-62.
Box 9 Folder 19
Histadrut, (American Trade Union Council for): 1962.
Box 9 Folder 20
Housewarming, Local 62: 1962.
Box 9 Folder 21
Il Progresso Italo-Americano: 1957-60.
Box 9 Folder 22
ILGWU General Office, President's Office: 1954-55, 1957, 1959-61. Correspondence with David Dubinsky.
Box 9 Folder 23-24
ILGWU Executive Vice-President, Louis Stulberg: 1956-58. Includes worker's complaint.
Box 9 Folder 25
ILGWU General Secretary Treasurer, Louis Stulberg: 1959-60, 1962.
Box 9 Folder 26
ILGWU, Auditing Department: 1934-3
Box 9 Folder 27
ILGWU campaign committees: 1954-56 1958-60, 1962.
Box 9 Folder 28
ILGWU conventions: 1956, 1962, 1965. Includes 1962 resolutions submitted by Local 62.
Box 9 Folder 29
ILGWU Eastern Out-Of-Town Department: 1954-57.
Box 9 Folder 30-31
ILGWU Eastern Region: 1960-62.
Box 9 Folder 32
ILGWU Educational Department: 1933, 1953-54, 1956, 1958, 1960.
Box 9 Folder 33
ILGWU Health and Welfare Department: 1956, 1958, 1960-61.
Box 10 Folder 1
ILGWU Legal Department: 1958.
Box 10 Folder 2
ILGWU locals: 1959-62. Correspondence with Local 89 and Local 600 (Puerto Rico).
Box 10 Folder 3 -- 4
ILGWU Management Engineering Department: 1954, 1958-59.
Box 10 Folder 5
ILGWU Northeast Department: 1954, 1956-5
Box 10 Folder 6
ILGWU Research Department: 1955, 1962.
Box 10 Folder 7
ILGWU Southeast Region: 1956-61.
Box 10 Folder 8 -- 9
ILGWU Training Institute: 1957, 1961-62.
Box 10 Folder 10
ILGWU Union Label Department: 1958-61.
Box 10 Folder 11
ILGWU Upper South Department: 1956, 1959-61.
Box 10 Folder 12
ILGWU Welfare Funds Control Department: 1960.
Box 10 Folder 13
Impartial Chairman: 1934.
Box 10 Folder 14
Installation of Officers: 1954. Contains congratulatory telegrams.
Box 10 Folder 15
Internal Revenue Service: 1943-45. Contains Correspondence re tax of vacation fund payments.
Box 10 Folder 16
Italian-American Labor Council, United: 1961, 1963.
Box 10 Folder 17
Jewish Daily Forward: 1954-62.
Box 10 Folder 18
Jewish Labor Committee: 1954, 1956, 1962. Includes Correspondence re (World War II) children "adopted" by Local 62.
Box 10 Folder 19
Job referrals: 1934, 1962.
Box 10 Folder 20
Job requests: 1934.
Box 10 Folder 21
Jurisdictional disputes: 1960. Dispute between Local 62, ILGWU and Local 238, International Union of Doll and Toy Workers. Includes Correspondence between David Dubinsky and Wm. F. Schnitzler, Secretary-Treasurer, AFL-CIO.
Box 10 Folder 22
Labor Day parades: 1960-61.
Box 10 Folder 23
Lieberman, Elias: 1934. Correspondence re wage claims by members against firms.
Box 10 Folder 24
Lieberman, Katz and Aronson: 1954-55, 1957-61.
Box 11 Folder 1
Membership figures: 1934, 1956-58. Includes dues information for 1956-58.
Box 11 Folder 2
Membership meetings: 1956, 1961-63. Includes agendas, resolutions, reports, installation of officers meeting.
Box 11 Folder 3
Miscellaneous correspondence: 1934, 1962.
Box 11 Folder 4
National Committee for Labor Israel, -(Histadrut), American Trade Union Council of the: 1957, 1962. Includes Correspondence and pictures of Histadrut Cultural Club in Moshava Kineret and Histadrut Centre in Beersheeba erected through Local 62 donations.
Box 11 Folder 5
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis: 1954-61.
Box 11 Folder 6 -- 7
National Labor Relations Board: 1956, 1962.
Box 11 Folder 8
National Recovery Act: 1933-34. Correspondence re Undergarment Code and Undergarment and Negligee Code Bulletin.
Box 11 Folder 9
Negotiating committees for labor contracts: 1960.
Box 11 Folder 10
New York City, Welfare Department of: 1965.
Box 11 Folder 11
New York State Federation of Labor: 1954 1957-58.
Box 11 Folder 12
New York State Labor Relations Board: 1954-55.
Box 11 Folder 13
New York State Legislature: 1957, 1960.
Box 11 Folder 14
Office Employees International Union: 1960.
Box 11 Folder 15
Political campaigns: 1954, 1962.
Box 11 Folder 16
Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of, Department of Labor, Migration Division: 1961. Correspondence re members' complaints.
Box 11 Folder 17
R: 1954-55, 1959. Includes Correspondence with Eleanor Roosevelt.
Box 11 Folder 18
Retirement Benefits Fund: 1954-55, 1958. Includes Rule's arid Regulations of the Local 62-Local 10 Retirement Benefits Fund.
Box 11 Folder 19
Retirement Benefits Fund: 1960, 1963.
Box 11 Folder 20
Retirement Benefits Fund: 1961-62. Includes Board of Trustees minutes, financial statements, report to Superintendent of Insurance, State of New York.
Box 11 Folder 21
S: 1934, 1959.
Box 11 Folder 22
Salary Schedules, Local 62 employees: 1954-61.
Box 11 Folder 23
Schneiderman, Rose: 1933.
Box 11 Folder 24
Schoenholtz, Isidore: 1933-34, 1956, 1962-63.
Box 11 Folder 25
Schoenwald, Matthew: 1962-63.
Box 11 Folder 26
Schoenwald, Matthew: 1956-62.
Box 12 Folder 1
Severance Benefits Fund/severance pay: 1959-61. Includes minutes of the Board of Trustees, Rules and Regulations of the Local 62-Local 10 Severance Benefits Fund
Box 12 Folder 2
Shops: 1933-34, 1954-60. Analyses of shops, 1954-60 and dues records, 1933-34.
Box 12 Folder 3
Shop chairladies: 1933-34, 1940, 1960-62 Includes Correspondence, notices.
Box 12 Folder 4 -- 5
Shop meetings: 1933.
Box 12 Folder 6 -- 15
Shop meetings: 1933-34.
Box 13 Folder 1 -- 15
Socialist Party: 1934.
Box 14 Folder 1
Strikes: 1933.
Box 14 Folder 2
Stulberg, Louis: 1953-55, 1962. Includes Norman Thomas letter, Correspondence with Robert F. Wagner Jr. and with United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union re loan from ILGWU.
Box 14 Folder 3
Allied Underwear Association: 1946, 1950, 1955-62.
Box 14 Folder 4
The Lingerie Manufacturers Association, Inc. and the Negligee Manufacturers Association, Inc.: 1933-34, 1953-61, 1963.
Box 14 Folder 5 -- 6
Undergarment Accessories Association, Inc.: 1953-54, and United Underwear Contractors Association, Inc.: 1958, 1962-63.
Box 14 Folder 7
Trade associations, agreements with: 1921, 1947, 1950, 1953, 1956-58, 1960. Includes several agreements with individual firms.
Box 14 Folder 8 -- 12
Trade associations, agreements with: 1960, 1962-63.
Box 15 Folder 1 -- 2
U.S. Tour: 1960.
Box 15 Folder 3
Unity House: 1949, 1954, 1957, 1959.
Box 15 Folder 4
Voter registration drives: 1960.
Box 15 Folder 5
Women's Trade Union League: 1955. Gerel Rubien, President.
Box 15 Folder 6
Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO): 1955.
Box 15 Folder 7
III. Gerol Rubien files.
Education: 1933-35, 1975.
Box 15 Folder 8
ILGWU Management Engineering Department: 1962-63.
Box 15 Folder 9
Medicare, oral history: 1966. Interview on medicare with oral history research office, Columbia University.
Box 15 Folder 10
Medicare/Social Security: 1961, 1963, 1967. Includes Correspondence re 1961 and 1963 trips to Florida.
Box 15 Folder 11
Miscellaneous: 1923, 1925, 1928, 1931, 1933-38, l943 Includes Correspondence, Local 62 1925 election results.
Box 15 Folder 12
Politics: 1965-76.
Box 15 Folder 13-14
Truth-in-Lending Act: 1963, 1967-68.
Box 15 Folder 15